Principles of Finance (BFT 107/3)

This introduction for practitioners offers a balanced view of project financing, integrating legal, contractual, scheduling, and other areas that participate in large multiparty projects, large single-asset purchases, and broad-based financing programs for fleets of assets. It mixes theories and case studies but avoids becoming too oriented toward applications in any one particular industry. It focuses on the concepts and techniques required by project finance people without being overly academic or beset by case studies. The author, who has a legal background, recognizes that some legal information is necessary, but he doesn't attempt to write a law book. Project Finance refers to the techniques of financing projects which are dependent on cash flows for repayment, as defined by the contractual relationships within each project. By their very nature, these types of projects rely on a large number of integrated contractual arrangements for successful completion and operation. Project finance is an element within the larger field of project management. Many organizations around the world utilize project management to enable innovative processes, to plan, organize, and control strategic initiatives, to monitor enterprise performance, to analyze significant deviations, and to forecast their impact on the organization and project(s). Project management can be found in many industries today, from construction and information systems to healthcare, financial services, education, and training.

Over the last decade or so, private-sector financing through public-private partnerships (PPPs) has become increasingly popular around the world as a way of procuring and maintaining public-sector infrastructure, in sectors such as transportation (roads, bridges, tunnels, railways, ports, airports), social infrastructure (hospitals, schools, prisons, social housing) public utilities (water supply, waste water treatment, waste disposal), government offices and other accommodation, and other specialised services (communications networks or defence equipment). This book, based on the author's practical experience on the public- and private-sector sides of the table, reviews the key policy issues which arise for the public sector in considering whether to adopt the PPP procurement route, and the specific application of this policy approach in PPP contracts, comparing international practices in this respect. It offers a systematic and integrated approach to financing PPPs within this public-policy framework, and explains the project-finance techniques used for this purpose. The book deals with both the Concession and PFI models of PPP, and provides a structured introduction for those who are new to the subject, whether in the academic, public-sector, investment, finance or contracting fields, as well as an aide memoire for those developing PPP policies or negotiating PPPs. The author focuses on practical concepts, issues and techniques, and does not assume any prior knowledge of PPP policy issues or financing techniques. The book describes and explains: * The different types of PPPs and how these have developed * Why PPPs are attractive to governments * General policy issues for the public sector in developing a PPP programme * PPP procurement procedures and bid evaluation * The use of project-finance techniques for PPPs * Sources of funding * Typical PPP contracts and sub-contracts, and their relationship with the project's financial structure * Risk assessment from the points of view of the public sector, investors, lenders and other project parties * Structuring the investment and debt financing * The key issues in negotiating a project-finance debt facility. In addition the book includes an extensive glossary, as well as cross-referencing. *Reviews the PPP policy framework and development from an international perspective *Covers public- and private-sector financial analysis, structuring and investment in PPPs *No prior knowledge of project financing required

Management accounting relates to the use of financial and cost data for laying down new policies, preparing future plans and making management decisions for the efficient running of business and maximizing profits. It is used to evaluate the performance of the business as a whole and of various segments (departments) in relation to predetermined targets. It also helps in reviewing existing polices. Various institutions and authors have defined management Accounting. Management accounting system, unlike financial accounting system, provides information for management for decisionmaking purpose. The rules of management accounting are tailor-made developed by each organization on the basis of its needs; conditioned by cost-benefit considerations. For the success of management accounting system in an organization, it is essential that the top management and department-heads have full faith in planning and objective ~valuation of results and the chief of management accounting system possesses a broader outlook and knowledge; he is aware that he only recommends and not decides.